Cambridge IELTS 09 Academic Reading Test 4 (Online Test): Passage 2

Young children's sense of identity

#	Word	Urdu Meaning	Synonym 1	Synonym 2	Antonym	Example Sentence
1	Identity	شناخت	individuality	personality	anonymity	Every child develops an identity over time.
2	Sense	احساس	feeling	awareness	ignorance	Children develop a sense of self gradually.
3	Develop	ترقی کرنا	grow	evolve	decline	Confidence develops with practice.
4	Gradually	آہستہ آہستہ	slowly	steadily	suddenly	The baby gradually learned to walk.
5	Emergence	ظہور	appearance	rise	disappearance	The emergence of language is important.
6	Feature	خصوصیت	characteristic	trait	defect	Kindness is her best feature.
7	Subject	فاعل	agent	doer	object	The child acted as the subject.
8	Object	مفعول، شے	thing	item	subject	The toy was the object of attention.
9	Recognition	پہچان	identification	acknowledgment	ignorance	Recognition of faces develops early.
10	Exist	وجود رکھنا	live	survive	vanish	Humans exist in every continent.
11	Awareness	آگاہی	consciousness	knowledge	unawareness	Environmental awareness is increasing.
12	Agency	عمل کرنے کی صلاحیت	control	power	helplessness	Children gain agency through exploration.
13	Distinctiveness	انفرادیت	uniqueness	individuality	similarity	Her distinctiveness makes her special.
14	Interact	باہمی تعلق رکھنا	communicate	engage	ignore	Students interact with teachers daily.
15	Caregiver	نگہداشت کرنے والا	guardian	parent	stranger	A caregiver helps young children.
16	Exercise	استعمال کرنا	use	apply	neglect	Everyone should exercise their rights.
17	Power	طاقت	strength	ability	weakness	Knowledge is power.
18	Control	کنٹرول کرنا	manage	direct	lose	Parents control the situation calmly.
19	Physical	جسمانی	bodily	material	mental	Exercise improves physical health.
20	Behaviour	رویہ	conduct	attitude	misconduct	Good behaviour is appreciated.
21	Respond	جواب دینا	reply	react	ignore	She responded politely.
22	Mimic	نقل کرنا	imitate	copy	differ	Children often mimic adults.
23	Expression	اظہار	gesture	emotion	silence	His facial expression showed happiness.
24	Reflection	عکس	image	mirror image	reality	She looked at her reflection.
25	Contingent	منحصر	dependent	conditional	independent	Success is contingent on effort.
26	Mirror	آئینہ	looking glass	glass	—	The child smiled into the mirror.
27	Distinct	الگ	different	separate	similar	Each child has a distinct personality.
28	Co-operate	تعاون کرنا	assist	collaborate	oppose	Students cooperated on the project.
29	Relationship	تعلق	connection	bond	separation	Healthy relationships build confidence.
30	Interaction	باہمی رابطہ	communication	contact	isolation	Social interaction is essential.
31	Empirical	تجرباتی	practical	observational	theoretical	The research was empirical.
32	Scarce	کم	rare	limited	abundant	Clean water is scarce.
33	Communication	ابلاغ	conversation	dialogue	silence	Communication improves teamwork.
34	Reflect	غور کرنا	think	consider	ignore	Take time to reflect on your actions.
35	Acquire	حاصل کرنا	gain	obtain	lose	Children acquire language naturally.
36	Category	قسم	class	group	individual	Books are arranged by category.
37	Define	متعین کرنا	describe	identify	confuse	Success is difficult to define.
38	Social	سماجی	community	public	private	Humans are social beings.
39	Characteristic	خصوصیت	quality	attribute	fault	Patience is a valuable characteristic.
40	Comparison	موازنہ	contrast	evaluation	agreement	Comparison helps understanding.
41	Trustworthiness	قابلِ اعتماد ہونا	honesty	reliability	dishonesty	Trustworthiness builds friendships.
42	Identity	شناخت	selfhood	individuality	namelessness	Identity shapes behaviour.
43	Milestone	اہم مرحلہ	achievement	landmark	failure	Graduation is an important milestone.
44	Recognize	پہچاننا	identify	know	ignore	I recognized my old teacher.
45	Observe	مشاہدہ کرنا	watch	notice	overlook	Scientists observe carefully.
46	Surprised	حیران	amazed	astonished	expected	She was surprised by the news.
47	Cue	اشارہ	signal	hint	confusion	The teacher gave a cue to begin.
48	Frustration	مایوسی	disappointment	annoyance	satisfaction	Failure caused frustration.
49	Disagreement	اختلاف	conflict	argument	agreement	They had a disagreement about money.
50	Ownership	ملکیت	possession	property	loss	Ownership of the house was transferred.

 

Some difficult sentences and phrases

1. A sense of self develops in young children by degrees.

Meaning (Simple English)

Children slowly learn who they are.

Urdu

چھوٹے بچوں میں اپنی ذات کا شعور آہستہ آہستہ پیدا ہوتا ہے۔

Phrase

by degrees = gradually = little by little

Success comes by degrees.

---

2. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features.

Meaning

The development of self can be explained by two slowly developing parts.

Urdu

اس عمل کو دو نسبتاً الگ خصوصیات کے آہستہ آہستہ ظاہر ہونے کے ذریعے سمجھا جا سکتا ہے۔

Phrase

be thought of in terms of
= be explained as
= be understood through

Example:

Climate change can be thought of in terms of human activities.

---

3. A child's first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists.

Meaning

The first stage of self-awareness is realizing "I exist."

Urdu

اپنی ذات کو سمجھنے کی پہلی منزل یہ ہے کہ بچہ یہ پہچان لے کہ وہ موجود ہے۔

Phrase

on the road to
= moving towards
= beginning the journey to

Example:

She is on the road to success.

---

4. An awareness of one's own agency.

Meaning

Knowing that you can do things yourself.

Urdu

اپنی عمل کرنے کی صلاحیت کا احساس۔

Phrase

one's own agency
= power to act independently

---

5. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world.

Meaning

These abilities slowly appear while babies learn about their surroundings.

Urdu

جب بچے اپنے ماحول کو دریافت کرتے ہیں تو یہ خصوصیات آہستہ آہستہ پیدا ہوتی ہیں۔

Phrase

explore the world
= discover surroundings

---

6. Infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them.

Meaning

Babies realize their actions affect other people.

Urdu

بچے سیکھتے ہیں کہ جب وہ روتے یا مسکراتے ہیں تو لوگ ان پر ردِعمل دیتے ہیں۔

Phrase

respond to
= react to

---

7. Another powerful source of information is provided when others mimic them.

Meaning

Children learn when adults copy them.

Urdu

جب دوسرے ان کی نقل کرتے ہیں تو یہ بھی سیکھنے کا ایک اہم ذریعہ بنتا ہے۔

Phrase

a source of information
= way of learning

---

8. The movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own.

Meaning

The reflection moves because they move.

Urdu

آئینے میں نظر آنے والی حرکات ان کی اپنی حرکات پر منحصر ہوتی ہیں۔

Difficult Phrase

contingent on
= dependent on
= based on

Example

Success is contingent on hard work.

---

9. They are distinct from other people.

Meaning

They realize they are different.

Urdu

وہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ وہ دوسروں سے مختلف ہیں۔

Phrase

distinct from
= different from

Example

Dolphins are distinct from fish.

---

10. Children gain an understanding of themselves as active agents.

Meaning

Children understand they can make things happen.

Urdu

بچے سمجھتے ہیں کہ وہ خود عمل کرنے والے افراد ہیں۔

Phrase

active agent
= someone who acts independently

---

11. Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness...

Meaning

After children develop enough self-awareness...

Urdu

جب بچوں میں خود آگاہی کی ایک خاص سطح پیدا ہو جاتی ہے...

Phrase

acquire a certain level
= reach a level

---

12. They begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories.

Meaning

They start identifying themselves in different roles.

Urdu

وہ اپنے آپ کو مختلف اقسام اور کرداروں میں دیکھنا شروع کرتے ہیں۔

Phrase

a whole series of
= many

Example

She completed a whole series of projects.

---

13. Characteristics derive their meaning from comparison with other people.

Meaning

Some qualities only make sense when compared with others.

Urdu

کچھ خصوصیات کا مطلب دوسروں سے موازنہ کرنے کے بعد ہی سمجھ آتا ہے۔

Phrase

derive meaning from
= get meaning from

---

14. People build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others.

Meaning

Our identity develops according to how other people treat us.

Urdu

لوگ اپنی شناخت دوسروں کے ردِعمل کی بنیاد پر بناتے ہیں۔

Phrase

build up
= develop gradually

---

15. The self and the social world are inextricably bound together.

Meaning

The self and society cannot be separated.

Urdu

انسان کی ذات اور معاشرہ ایک دوسرے سے ناقابلِ علیحدگی طور پر جڑے ہوئے ہیں۔

Difficult Phrase

inextricably bound together
= impossible to separate

Example

Health and nutrition are inextricably linked.

---

16. An important developmental milestone is reached.

Meaning

A major stage of growth is achieved.

Urdu

نشوونما کا ایک اہم مرحلہ مکمل ہو جاتا ہے۔

Phrase

developmental milestone
= important stage of development

---

17. Children become able to recognize themselves visually.

Meaning

Children can identify themselves in a mirror.

Urdu

بچے اپنی تصویر کو پہچاننے لگتے ہیں۔

---

18. The psychologists reasoned that...

Meaning

The psychologists logically concluded that...

Urdu

ماہرینِ نفسیات نے یہ نتیجہ اخذ کیا کہ...

Phrase

reasoned that
= concluded logically

---

19. The intensity of frustration increased sharply.

Meaning

Their anger became much stronger.

Urdu

مایوسی اور غصے کی شدت میں بہت زیادہ اضافہ ہو گیا۔

Phrase

increase sharply
= rise rapidly

---

20. The children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it.

Meaning

They wanted to own the toy, not play with it.

Urdu

بچے کھلونے سے کھیلنے کے بجائے اس کی ملکیت حاصل کرنے پر جھگڑ رہے تھے۔

Phrase

rather than
= instead of

Example:

I prefer reading rather than watching TV.

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⭐ Top 20 IELTS Phrases from This Passage

1. by degrees
2. be thought of in terms of
3. on the road to
4. awareness of
5. exercise power
6. respond to
7. source of information
8. contingent on
9. distinct from
10. active agent
11. acquire a certain level
12. a whole series of
13. derive meaning from
14. build up
15. looking-glass self
16. inextricably bound together
17. developmental milestone
18. reasoned that
19. increase sharply
20. rather than

These sentences and phrases are especially valuable for IELTS Reading because they frequently appear in passages on psychology, education, sociology, and child development, and understanding them can significantly improve comprehension.